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  <Article>
    <Journal>
      <PublisherName>jmedicalcasereports</PublisherName>
      <JournalTitle>Frontiers in Medical Case Reports</JournalTitle>
      <PISSN>I</PISSN>
      <EISSN>S</EISSN>
      <Volume-Issue>Volume 1; Issue 2</Volume-Issue>
      <PartNumber/>
      <IssueTopic>Multidisciplinary</IssueTopic>
      <IssueLanguage>English</IssueLanguage>
      <Season>(Mar-Apr, 2020)</Season>
      <SpecialIssue>N</SpecialIssue>
      <SupplementaryIssue>N</SupplementaryIssue>
      <IssueOA>Y</IssueOA>
      <PubDate>
        <Year>-0001</Year>
        <Month>11</Month>
        <Day>30</Day>
      </PubDate>
      <ArticleType>Surgical Case Reports</ArticleType>
      <ArticleTitle>Rare Case of Intussusception in Young Male who was Using Anabolic Steroids for Muscle Enhancement</ArticleTitle>
      <SubTitle/>
      <ArticleLanguage>English</ArticleLanguage>
      <ArticleOA>Y</ArticleOA>
      <FirstPage>1</FirstPage>
      <LastPage>5</LastPage>
      <AuthorList>
        <Author>
          <FirstName>Amandeep</FirstName>
          <LastName>Goyal</LastName>
          <AuthorLanguage>English</AuthorLanguage>
          <Affiliation/>
          <CorrespondingAuthor>N</CorrespondingAuthor>
          <ORCID/>
          <FirstName>Austin</FirstName>
          <LastName>Cusisk</LastName>
          <AuthorLanguage>English</AuthorLanguage>
          <Affiliation/>
          <CorrespondingAuthor>Y</CorrespondingAuthor>
          <ORCID/>
          <FirstName>Neil</FirstName>
          <LastName>Mast</LastName>
          <AuthorLanguage>English</AuthorLanguage>
          <Affiliation/>
          <CorrespondingAuthor>Y</CorrespondingAuthor>
          <ORCID/>
          <FirstName>Emmanuel A</FirstName>
          <LastName>Agaba</LastName>
          <AuthorLanguage>English</AuthorLanguage>
          <Affiliation/>
          <CorrespondingAuthor>Y</CorrespondingAuthor>
          <ORCID/>
          <FirstName>Pankaj</FirstName>
          <LastName>Bansal</LastName>
          <AuthorLanguage>English</AuthorLanguage>
          <Affiliation/>
          <CorrespondingAuthor>Y</CorrespondingAuthor>
          <ORCID/>
        </Author>
      </AuthorList>
      <DOI/>
      <Abstract>Intussusception, while a relatively common cause of bowel obstruction in the pediatric population, is relatively rare in adults. In the adult population intussusception is often associated with an underlying tumor or inflammatory disorder of the bowel creating a lead point. We present the case of a healthy 23-year-old male who developed intussusception secondary to anabolic steroid use, tamoxifen, and clomiphene therapy cycles for muscle enhancement. Surgical intervention was utilized, and histopathology of the removed intestine indicated significant mucosal necrosis and omental vascular congestion without evidence of cancer. The patient’s anabolic steroid usage likely created a transient polycythemic state. The transient hyperviscous states caused subclinical infarcts yielding lead points for intussusception. Concurrent usage of testosterone and tamoxifen for muscle hypertrophy increases the risk of thromboembolic events.</Abstract>
      <AbstractLanguage>English</AbstractLanguage>
      <Keywords>Intussusception,Anabolic Steroids,Tamoxifen</Keywords>
      <URLs>
        <Abstract>https://jmedicalcasereports.org/ubijournal-v1copy/journals/abstract.php?article_id=7229&amp;title=Rare Case of Intussusception in Young Male who was Using Anabolic Steroids for Muscle Enhancement</Abstract>
      </URLs>
      <References>
        <ReferencesarticleTitle>References</ReferencesarticleTitle>
        <ReferencesfirstPage>16</ReferencesfirstPage>
        <ReferenceslastPage>19</ReferenceslastPage>
        <References>Cavanagh Y, Shah N, Thomas A, Gupta A. Multiple intussusceptions associated with polycythemia in an anabolic steroid abuser, a case report and literature review. Annals of Medical and Health Sciences Research 2015; 5: 368.&#13;
&#13;
Flynn M, Heale KA, Alisaraie L. Mechanism of Off-Target Interactions and Toxicity of Tamoxifen and Its Metabolites. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30: 1492-507.&#13;
&#13;
Ip EJ, Doroudgar S, Lau B, Barnett MJ. Anabolic steroid users’ misuse of non-traditional prescription drugs. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy 2019; 15: 949-952.&#13;
&#13;
Marinis A, Yiallourou A, Samanides L, Dafnios N, Anastasopoulos G, Vassiliou I, et al. Intussusception of the bowel in adults: A review. World Journal of Gastroenterology 2009; 15: 407.&#13;
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Marsicovetere P, Ivatury S, White B, Holubar S. Intestinal Intussusception: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery 2016; 30:030–9.&#13;
&#13;
Vorona E and Nieschlag E. Adverse effects of doping with anabolic androgenic steroids in competitive athletics, recreational sports and bodybuilding. Minerva Endocrinol 2018; 43:476-488.&#13;
&#13;
Wheeler KM, Sharma D, Kavoussi PK, Smith RP, Costabile R. Clomiphene Citrate for the Treatment of Hypogonadism. Sexual Medicine Reviews 2019; 7: 272-276.&#13;
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Wibowo E, Pollock PA, Hollis N, Wassersug RJ. Tamoxifen in men: a review of adverse events. Andrology 2016;4: 776-788.</References>
      </References>
    </Journal>
  </Article>
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