Blood Culture |
Taurolidine |
|||||
Case |
CVC Device |
Reason for nutritional support |
Central |
Peripheral |
Volume (ml) |
Nr of administrations |
1 |
Port-a-cath |
Short bowel syndrome |
S. Epidermidis |
S. Epidermidis |
3 |
3 |
2 |
PICC |
Bowel subocclusion |
G. Adiacens |
G. Adiacens |
2.5 |
3 |
3 |
PICC |
Enteral nutrition failure post sepsis Syndrome |
S. Hominis |
S. Hominis |
2.5 |
3 |
4 |
Hickmann line |
Short bowel syndrome |
S. Epidermidis |
S. Epidermidis |
4 |
3 |
5 |
PICC |
Fasting after complicated pancreasectomy |
S. Epidermidis |
S. Epidermidis |
2.5 |
3 |
6 |
PICC |
Short bowel syndrome |
S. Epidermidis |
S. Epidermidis |
2.5 |
3 |
Case 1
80 y-old, female, BMI 26 with a short bowel syndrome developed fever during TPN infusion after 10 months of Port-a-cath implant. CBC and PBC revealed the presence of S. Epidermidis. After 3 administration of TC 3 ml there were no clinical signs of CRI, and CBC and PBC negativization.
Case 2
48 y-old, male, BMI 18. Bowel subocclusion after emicolectomy. He implanted a PICC to start HTPN. He reported fever during nutritional infusion 8 weeks from surgery. CBC and PBC reported the presence of Granulicatella Adiacens. After 3 administration of TC 2.5 ml there were no clinical signs of CRI, and CBC and PBC were negative.
Case 3
78 y-old, male, BMI 29. This patient underwent emergency abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Once moved to sub-ICU a PICC was placed to start TPN and after 10 weeks fever had been recorded. CBC and PBC showed the presence of Staphilococcus Hominis and 2.5 ml of TC were administered. After 3 ml there were no clinical signs of CRI, and CBC and PBC negativization.
Case 4
46 y-old, female, BMI 17. After ileum and colon resection for Chron’s disease, she was affected by short bowel syndrome. She already replaced 6 Hickmann lines used for HTPN. 12 weeks after the last Hickmann implant, she developed fever during nutritional infusion. CBC and PBC revealed the presence of Staphilococcus Epidermidis. 4 ml of TC were administered. After 3 administration there were no clinical sign of CRI and CBC and PBC were negative.
Case 5
65 y-old, male, BMI 23. Patient underwent partial pancreatectomy and needed HTPN for two months. 6 weeks after PICC placement, he developed fever during nutritional infusion. CBC and PBC showed the presence of Stafilococcus Epidermidis. After 3 administration of TC 2.5 ml there were no clinical sign of CRI and CBC and PBC were negative
Case 6
43 y-old, female, BMI 22. She was affected by Chron’s disease and underwent emergency surgery for total colectomy due to several bowel obstructions. She was referred to our center to position a PICC and to start HTPN. After 4 months she referred fever. CBC and PBC revealed the presence of Staphilococcus Epidermidis. After 3 administration of TC 2.5 ml there were no clinical sign of CRI and CBC and PBC were negative.
Results
All the patients were in HTPN, just the third one started TPN during hospital stay. The request for nutritional support were : short bowel syndrome (n=3), bowel subocclusion (n=1), enteral nutrition failure in post sepsis syndrome (n=1), fasting after complicated pancreasectomy (n=1).
The device used were : port a cath (n=1), PICC (n=4) and Hickmann line (n=1). Infection reported from BCB and PBC were : Staphilococcus Epidermidis (n=4), Granulicatella Adiacens (n=1), Staphilococcus Hominis (n=1), TC was admistrated as reported in Table 1.
Fever was no more reported during nutritional solution infusion after the second TC administration in the 33% of the patients and after the third one in 100% of the patients. WBC count decreased as TC was administered. The percentage of WBC mean reduction was 5% after the first administration, 17% after the second one and 27% after the third one (Table 2).
Table 2: WBC reduction and temperature trend
Before I Administration |
24 H From I Administration |
24 H From II Administration |
24 H From III Administration |
||||||||
Case nr. |
WBC |
Fever |
WBC |
Fever |
% WBC reduction |
WBC |
Fever |
% WBC reduction |
WBC |
Fever |
% WBC reduction |
1 |
9852 |
Yes |
8450 |
Yes |
-14% |
7187 |
Yes |
-27% |
6722 |
No |
-32% |
2 |
13075 |
Yes |
11094 |
Yes |
-15% |
9027 |
No |
-31% |
5779 |
No |
-56% |
3 |
14101 |
Yes |
14386 |
Yes |
2% |
12432 |
Yes |
-12% |
11000 |
No |
-22% |
4 |
7568 |
Yes |
7831 |
Yes |
3% |
7955 |
Yes |
5% |
7430 |
No |
-2% |
5 |
9783 |
Yes |
9876 |
Yes |
1% |
8020 |
Yes |
-18% |
7896 |
No |
-19% |
6 |
13842 |
Yes |
12791 |
Yes |
-7% |
10766 |
No |
-22% |
9380 |
No |
-32% |
Regardless of the number of administrations, none of patients reported hypersensitivity reactions, haematological manifestations or other side effects from TC.
Conclusions
The use of CVC is associated with a risk of colonization and subsequent infection, in an European Review, bloodstream infections are the fourth case of hopital-acquired infections and the 33% of them were related to CVC (Mermel et al., 2009).
Patients in TPN, especially the ones in ICU, are particularly at risk of CRI, probably due to continuos alterations in glicemic levels with higher frequency of sustained hyperglycemia and consequent insulin use (Joshi and Mahajan, 2003). Beghetto et al reported TPN as independent risk factor for CVC-related infection, involving malnutrition, hyperglycemia, and severity of clinical status (Van Den Berghe et al., 2001). Ball, et al. (2001) consider the TPN formula composition itself as a risk factor for CRI because of the contamination of particulates such as trace elements, not detected by routine microbiological methods (Ball et al., 2001). Finally, the long time CVC usage for TPN counters the antimicrobial activity of chlorhexidine/silver sulfadiazine or minocycline/rifampicin catheters (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002).
Systematic administering of antibiotic lock solution into the CVC lumen to prevent CRI could increase antibiotic resistance. Guidelines recommend that the use of preventive antibiotic lock therapy should be restricted to patients with long-term intravascular catheters with multiple catheter-related blood stream infections despite optimum aseptic techniques.
Taurolidine, a derivative of the aminoacid taurine, has been proposed as a lock therapy because of its antimicrobial effect against a broad range of microorganisms. Studies about patients receiving haemodialysis are encouraging, and data supporting its use as a lock in CVC are increasing over the time (Bradshaw and Puntis, 2008; Johnston et al., 1993). Some authors suggests a beneficial role of taurolidine lock solution application too for CRI therapy spreading trough bloodstream in oncologic patients synergistically with systemic antibiotic chemotherapy, resulting in a high rate of complete recovery without replacement of the device (Joshi and Mahajan, 2003).
In our experience, TC eradicated the CRI in all six patients in a six days therapy, interrupting TPN just for three days. No side effects occurred. The lack of consensus on proper TC posology for theraputic pourpose forced us to evaluate after each administration the clinical impact of therapy. In two patients (case 2 and 6) the fever didn’t occur just after two taurolidine administrations but the marked decline in WBC, still in pathologic range, suggested us to keep on a third administration.
Our usual treatment before TC would have requested the vascular device removal and, after seven days, implanting another one. Patient should have undergone two surgical procedures in few days, stop TPN for at least 6 days, and new costs for hospital personal and device.
The efficacy of TC in this case reports has made possible to treat CRI with simple outpatient treatments and therefore could be a further task in the management of infective TPN complication. The possibility of minimizing the withdrawal times of TPN is a really important advantage in these patients, altough a few cases reported in our experience does not allow to reach definitive conclusions. Further studies on the routine application of TC in CRI are still needed.
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